99 MINUTOS PORTER'S FIVE FORCES TEMPLATE RESEARCH
A Must-Have Tool for Decision-Makers
99 Minutos faces intense competitive rivalry and rising buyer expectations amid scaling last-mile logistics; supplier leverage and capital requirements moderate entry threats, while tech-driven substitutes and regulatory shifts pose notable risks-this snapshot only scratches the surface. Unlock the full Porter's Five Forces Analysis to explore force-by-force ratings, visuals, and actionable strategy insights tailored to 99 Minutos.
Suppliers Bargaining Power
Gig economy labor volatility
Availability of independent drivers tightened in 2025 as Mexico and Chile passed stricter gig-labor rules, raising 99 Minutos' driver churn to ~18% YTD and pushing average courier pay up 12% to MXN 90/hr (≈USD 5.0) during peak hours.
Competition from DoorDash and Uber Eats increased bargaining power; 99 Minutos reported a 9% rise in insurance and fuel subsidies in 2025, now costing MXN 120m (≈USD 6.7m) annually to keep peak SLAs.
Cloud infrastructure and tech stack dependency
As 99 Minutos scales AI routing, dependence on AWS and Google Cloud creates supplier power-2025 contract renewals show compute costs flat but ML premium tiers up ~18%, raising margins for providers and squeezing 99 Minutos' unit economics.
Switching costs are high: estimated data migration for 5 PB of live telematics and route history exceeds $2.5M and risks 6-12 hours downtime for real-time tracking, endangering delivery SLAs and customer churn.
Vehicle fleet procurement and maintenance
Transition to electric fleets ties 99 Minutos to OEMs and battery makers; Latin America EV commercial vehicle supply lagged demand in 2025, with EV truck deliveries down ~30% vs. orders, pushing lead times to 9-14 months and raising capex per vehicle by ~25% to ~$55,000.
Urban warehouse real estate scarcity
Securing micro-fulfillment in Mexico City and Bogotá is pricier as industrial land vacancy fell to ~2.5% in CDMX and 3.1% in Bogotá in 2025, shrinking available last-mile sites.
Landlords and developers command rents-prime urban logistics rents rose 12-18% YoY in 2025-forcing 99 Minutos into longer, costlier leases.
Higher fixed occupancy costs compress margins if parcel volumes dip; a 5% volume shortfall can swing EBITDA by several percentage points given rent intensity.
- Vacancy: CDMX ~2.5%, Bogotá ~3.1% (2025)
- Rents: +12-18% YoY (2025)
- Lease term: shift to longer 5-10yr contracts
- Risk: 5% volume drop hits EBITDA materially
Fuel and energy price fluctuations
Despite electrification efforts, 65% of 99 Minutos's Latin America fleet ran on diesel in FY2025, leaving earnings exposed to global oil swings-Brent averaged $82/bbl in 2025, up 12% vs 2024.
Fuel suppliers in Mexico and Colombia often set prices centrally; limited negotiation and currency volatility force 99 Minutos to apply dynamic fuel surcharges, which lifted average shipping rate by ~4.5% in 2025 and increased customer churn risk.
Dynamic surcharge transparency helped recover 70% of added fuel costs in 2025, but price-sensitive SMB clients pushed net promoter score down 3 points.
- 65% fleet diesel in FY2025
- Brent $82/bbl average 2025 (+12%)
- Surcharges raised rates ~4.5%
- Recovered 70% of fuel cost
- NPS -3 points from fuel hikes
2025 supplier squeeze: rising pay, cloud fees, rents, EV delays lift unit costs
Suppliers (drivers, cloud, EV OEMs, landlords, fuel) tightened in 2025: driver churn ~18%, courier pay MXN90/hr, AWS/Google ML fees +18%, EV lead times 9-14 months, industrial vacancy CDMX 2.5%/Bogotá 3.1%, rents +12-18% YoY, fleet 65% diesel, Brent $82/bbl; these pressures raise unit costs and squeeze margins.
| Metric | 2025 |
|---|---|
| Driver churn | ~18% |
| Courier pay | MXN90/hr |
| Cloud ML fees | +18% |
| EV lead time | 9-14 months |
| Vacancy (CDMX/Bog) | 2.5% / 3.1% |
| Rents YoY | +12-18% |
| Fleet diesel | 65% |
| Brent | $82/bbl |
What is included in the product
Detailed Word Document
Tailored Porter's Five Forces analysis for 99 Minutos that uncovers competitive drivers, supplier and buyer power, barriers to entry, substitute risks, and strategic levers to defend and grow market share.
Customizable Excel Spreadsheet
Clean, one-sheet Porter's Five Forces for 99 Minutos-instantly shows competitive pressure and relief levers so teams can prioritize tactics like pricing, partnership or differentiation.
Customers Bargaining Power
Concentration of e-commerce giants
Major platforms like Mercado Libre and Amazon accounted for roughly 65% of 99 Minutos' 2025 parcel volume, allowing them to secure steep volume discounts and press for sub‑market rates.
These anchor clients can shift volume or internalize logistics-Amazon Logistics and Mercado Libre's logistics grew capacity by ~20% in 2025-forcing 99 Minutos to meet strict price and KPI demands.
The resulting power imbalance compels 99 Minutos to deliver premium service at commoditized pricing, squeezing gross margins (reported 2025 gross margin ~12%) to retain contracts.
Low switching costs for SMEs
SMEs face low switching costs in the 2026 Latin American logistics market, with >60% using multi-carrier platforms that let them shift to rivals like DHL or regional startups based on daily rates as low as $0.85-$1.20 per parcel.
That price-sensitivity gives customers high bargaining power, forcing 99 Minutos to cut prices or match rates to retain volume.
To defend margins, 99 Minutos invested roughly $18M in 2025 on proprietary integrations and API services that embed into merchants' ERPs, raising estimated customer retention by ~12 percentage points.
High demand for real-time transparency
Modern consumers and businesses expect real-time tracking and flexible delivery windows as standard; 68% of e-commerce buyers cite live tracking as decisive (Statista 2025), raising customer bargaining power against 99 Minutos.
Negative reviews and social media can cut future B2B contract wins; a 1-star drop on ratings can lower conversion by ~11% (Harvard 2025), directly harming revenue.
This forces 99 Minutos to reinvest in consumer-facing tech-CapEx rose to $24.5M in FY2025-without clear pricing power to pass costs to customers.
Price sensitivity in the LatAm market
Economic strain across LatAm-GDP per capita down 2.1% in 2023 in real terms in select markets-has made corporate clients highly price-sensitive, with shipping often 8-15% of operating costs for e‑commerce sellers.
Clients routinely benchmark 99 Minutos against gig apps (e.g., Rappi, Loggi), pressuring per‑package rates down 10-25% during negotiations.
High fuel and labor inflation (2024 transport cost up ~12%) limits 99 Minutos' ability to pass costs to customers without losing volume.
- Shipping = 8-15% of seller OPEX
- Clients demand 10-25% lower rates vs gig rivals
- Transport costs rose ~12% in 2024
Complexity of reverse logistics expectations
As e-commerce matures, customers expect free, seamless returns; retailers push that cost back to carriers, increasing retailers' bargaining power and forcing 99 Minutos to absorb returns complexity to win contracts.
Returns add up: Latin American e-commerce return rates hit ~12% in 2024, raising last-mile costs by ~15-25%, pressuring 99 Minutos' margins (2025 revenue target MXN 1.2bn).
- Retailers set terms; carriers compete on returns handling
- ~12% return rate (2024) raises costs 15-25%
- 99 Minutos must absorb complexity to retain retailers
99 Minutos: Anchor-driven volume (65%) pressures margins; $42.5M spend to stem churn
Major anchors (Mercado Libre, Amazon) drove ~65% of 99 Minutos' 2025 volume, forcing sub‑market rates; 2025 gross margin ~12% and revenue target MXN 1.2bn. Price-sensitive SMEs and high return rates (~12% in 2024) raise bargaining power; 2025 tech spend $18M and CapEx $24.5M partly defend retention.
| Metric | 2024-25 |
|---|---|
| Anchor share | 65% |
| Gross margin | ~12% |
| Revenue target | MXN 1.2bn |
| Tech spend | $18M |
| CapEx | $24.5M |
| Return rate | ~12% |
Full Version Awaits
99 Minutos Porter's Five Forces Analysis
This preview shows the exact Porter's Five Forces analysis of 99 Minutos you'll receive immediately after purchase-fully formatted, professionally written, and ready to use; no placeholders or samples.
99 MINUTOS PORTER'S FIVE FORCES TEMPLATE RESEARCH
A Must-Have Tool for Decision-Makers
99 Minutos faces intense competitive rivalry and rising buyer expectations amid scaling last-mile logistics; supplier leverage and capital requirements moderate entry threats, while tech-driven substitutes and regulatory shifts pose notable risks-this snapshot only scratches the surface. Unlock the full Porter's Five Forces Analysis to explore force-by-force ratings, visuals, and actionable strategy insights tailored to 99 Minutos.
Suppliers Bargaining Power
Gig economy labor volatility
Availability of independent drivers tightened in 2025 as Mexico and Chile passed stricter gig-labor rules, raising 99 Minutos' driver churn to ~18% YTD and pushing average courier pay up 12% to MXN 90/hr (≈USD 5.0) during peak hours.
Competition from DoorDash and Uber Eats increased bargaining power; 99 Minutos reported a 9% rise in insurance and fuel subsidies in 2025, now costing MXN 120m (≈USD 6.7m) annually to keep peak SLAs.
Cloud infrastructure and tech stack dependency
As 99 Minutos scales AI routing, dependence on AWS and Google Cloud creates supplier power-2025 contract renewals show compute costs flat but ML premium tiers up ~18%, raising margins for providers and squeezing 99 Minutos' unit economics.
Switching costs are high: estimated data migration for 5 PB of live telematics and route history exceeds $2.5M and risks 6-12 hours downtime for real-time tracking, endangering delivery SLAs and customer churn.
Vehicle fleet procurement and maintenance
Transition to electric fleets ties 99 Minutos to OEMs and battery makers; Latin America EV commercial vehicle supply lagged demand in 2025, with EV truck deliveries down ~30% vs. orders, pushing lead times to 9-14 months and raising capex per vehicle by ~25% to ~$55,000.
Urban warehouse real estate scarcity
Securing micro-fulfillment in Mexico City and Bogotá is pricier as industrial land vacancy fell to ~2.5% in CDMX and 3.1% in Bogotá in 2025, shrinking available last-mile sites.
Landlords and developers command rents-prime urban logistics rents rose 12-18% YoY in 2025-forcing 99 Minutos into longer, costlier leases.
Higher fixed occupancy costs compress margins if parcel volumes dip; a 5% volume shortfall can swing EBITDA by several percentage points given rent intensity.
- Vacancy: CDMX ~2.5%, Bogotá ~3.1% (2025)
- Rents: +12-18% YoY (2025)
- Lease term: shift to longer 5-10yr contracts
- Risk: 5% volume drop hits EBITDA materially
Fuel and energy price fluctuations
Despite electrification efforts, 65% of 99 Minutos's Latin America fleet ran on diesel in FY2025, leaving earnings exposed to global oil swings-Brent averaged $82/bbl in 2025, up 12% vs 2024.
Fuel suppliers in Mexico and Colombia often set prices centrally; limited negotiation and currency volatility force 99 Minutos to apply dynamic fuel surcharges, which lifted average shipping rate by ~4.5% in 2025 and increased customer churn risk.
Dynamic surcharge transparency helped recover 70% of added fuel costs in 2025, but price-sensitive SMB clients pushed net promoter score down 3 points.
- 65% fleet diesel in FY2025
- Brent $82/bbl average 2025 (+12%)
- Surcharges raised rates ~4.5%
- Recovered 70% of fuel cost
- NPS -3 points from fuel hikes
2025 supplier squeeze: rising pay, cloud fees, rents, EV delays lift unit costs
Suppliers (drivers, cloud, EV OEMs, landlords, fuel) tightened in 2025: driver churn ~18%, courier pay MXN90/hr, AWS/Google ML fees +18%, EV lead times 9-14 months, industrial vacancy CDMX 2.5%/Bogotá 3.1%, rents +12-18% YoY, fleet 65% diesel, Brent $82/bbl; these pressures raise unit costs and squeeze margins.
| Metric | 2025 |
|---|---|
| Driver churn | ~18% |
| Courier pay | MXN90/hr |
| Cloud ML fees | +18% |
| EV lead time | 9-14 months |
| Vacancy (CDMX/Bog) | 2.5% / 3.1% |
| Rents YoY | +12-18% |
| Fleet diesel | 65% |
| Brent | $82/bbl |
What is included in the product
Detailed Word Document
Tailored Porter's Five Forces analysis for 99 Minutos that uncovers competitive drivers, supplier and buyer power, barriers to entry, substitute risks, and strategic levers to defend and grow market share.
Customizable Excel Spreadsheet
Clean, one-sheet Porter's Five Forces for 99 Minutos-instantly shows competitive pressure and relief levers so teams can prioritize tactics like pricing, partnership or differentiation.
Customers Bargaining Power
Concentration of e-commerce giants
Major platforms like Mercado Libre and Amazon accounted for roughly 65% of 99 Minutos' 2025 parcel volume, allowing them to secure steep volume discounts and press for sub‑market rates.
These anchor clients can shift volume or internalize logistics-Amazon Logistics and Mercado Libre's logistics grew capacity by ~20% in 2025-forcing 99 Minutos to meet strict price and KPI demands.
The resulting power imbalance compels 99 Minutos to deliver premium service at commoditized pricing, squeezing gross margins (reported 2025 gross margin ~12%) to retain contracts.
Low switching costs for SMEs
SMEs face low switching costs in the 2026 Latin American logistics market, with >60% using multi-carrier platforms that let them shift to rivals like DHL or regional startups based on daily rates as low as $0.85-$1.20 per parcel.
That price-sensitivity gives customers high bargaining power, forcing 99 Minutos to cut prices or match rates to retain volume.
To defend margins, 99 Minutos invested roughly $18M in 2025 on proprietary integrations and API services that embed into merchants' ERPs, raising estimated customer retention by ~12 percentage points.
High demand for real-time transparency
Modern consumers and businesses expect real-time tracking and flexible delivery windows as standard; 68% of e-commerce buyers cite live tracking as decisive (Statista 2025), raising customer bargaining power against 99 Minutos.
Negative reviews and social media can cut future B2B contract wins; a 1-star drop on ratings can lower conversion by ~11% (Harvard 2025), directly harming revenue.
This forces 99 Minutos to reinvest in consumer-facing tech-CapEx rose to $24.5M in FY2025-without clear pricing power to pass costs to customers.
Price sensitivity in the LatAm market
Economic strain across LatAm-GDP per capita down 2.1% in 2023 in real terms in select markets-has made corporate clients highly price-sensitive, with shipping often 8-15% of operating costs for e‑commerce sellers.
Clients routinely benchmark 99 Minutos against gig apps (e.g., Rappi, Loggi), pressuring per‑package rates down 10-25% during negotiations.
High fuel and labor inflation (2024 transport cost up ~12%) limits 99 Minutos' ability to pass costs to customers without losing volume.
- Shipping = 8-15% of seller OPEX
- Clients demand 10-25% lower rates vs gig rivals
- Transport costs rose ~12% in 2024
Complexity of reverse logistics expectations
As e-commerce matures, customers expect free, seamless returns; retailers push that cost back to carriers, increasing retailers' bargaining power and forcing 99 Minutos to absorb returns complexity to win contracts.
Returns add up: Latin American e-commerce return rates hit ~12% in 2024, raising last-mile costs by ~15-25%, pressuring 99 Minutos' margins (2025 revenue target MXN 1.2bn).
- Retailers set terms; carriers compete on returns handling
- ~12% return rate (2024) raises costs 15-25%
- 99 Minutos must absorb complexity to retain retailers
99 Minutos: Anchor-driven volume (65%) pressures margins; $42.5M spend to stem churn
Major anchors (Mercado Libre, Amazon) drove ~65% of 99 Minutos' 2025 volume, forcing sub‑market rates; 2025 gross margin ~12% and revenue target MXN 1.2bn. Price-sensitive SMEs and high return rates (~12% in 2024) raise bargaining power; 2025 tech spend $18M and CapEx $24.5M partly defend retention.
| Metric | 2024-25 |
|---|---|
| Anchor share | 65% |
| Gross margin | ~12% |
| Revenue target | MXN 1.2bn |
| Tech spend | $18M |
| CapEx | $24.5M |
| Return rate | ~12% |
Full Version Awaits
99 Minutos Porter's Five Forces Analysis
This preview shows the exact Porter's Five Forces analysis of 99 Minutos you'll receive immediately after purchase-fully formatted, professionally written, and ready to use; no placeholders or samples.
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Description
A Must-Have Tool for Decision-Makers
99 Minutos faces intense competitive rivalry and rising buyer expectations amid scaling last-mile logistics; supplier leverage and capital requirements moderate entry threats, while tech-driven substitutes and regulatory shifts pose notable risks-this snapshot only scratches the surface. Unlock the full Porter's Five Forces Analysis to explore force-by-force ratings, visuals, and actionable strategy insights tailored to 99 Minutos.
Suppliers Bargaining Power
Gig economy labor volatility
Availability of independent drivers tightened in 2025 as Mexico and Chile passed stricter gig-labor rules, raising 99 Minutos' driver churn to ~18% YTD and pushing average courier pay up 12% to MXN 90/hr (≈USD 5.0) during peak hours.
Competition from DoorDash and Uber Eats increased bargaining power; 99 Minutos reported a 9% rise in insurance and fuel subsidies in 2025, now costing MXN 120m (≈USD 6.7m) annually to keep peak SLAs.
Cloud infrastructure and tech stack dependency
As 99 Minutos scales AI routing, dependence on AWS and Google Cloud creates supplier power-2025 contract renewals show compute costs flat but ML premium tiers up ~18%, raising margins for providers and squeezing 99 Minutos' unit economics.
Switching costs are high: estimated data migration for 5 PB of live telematics and route history exceeds $2.5M and risks 6-12 hours downtime for real-time tracking, endangering delivery SLAs and customer churn.
Vehicle fleet procurement and maintenance
Transition to electric fleets ties 99 Minutos to OEMs and battery makers; Latin America EV commercial vehicle supply lagged demand in 2025, with EV truck deliveries down ~30% vs. orders, pushing lead times to 9-14 months and raising capex per vehicle by ~25% to ~$55,000.
Urban warehouse real estate scarcity
Securing micro-fulfillment in Mexico City and Bogotá is pricier as industrial land vacancy fell to ~2.5% in CDMX and 3.1% in Bogotá in 2025, shrinking available last-mile sites.
Landlords and developers command rents-prime urban logistics rents rose 12-18% YoY in 2025-forcing 99 Minutos into longer, costlier leases.
Higher fixed occupancy costs compress margins if parcel volumes dip; a 5% volume shortfall can swing EBITDA by several percentage points given rent intensity.
- Vacancy: CDMX ~2.5%, Bogotá ~3.1% (2025)
- Rents: +12-18% YoY (2025)
- Lease term: shift to longer 5-10yr contracts
- Risk: 5% volume drop hits EBITDA materially
Fuel and energy price fluctuations
Despite electrification efforts, 65% of 99 Minutos's Latin America fleet ran on diesel in FY2025, leaving earnings exposed to global oil swings-Brent averaged $82/bbl in 2025, up 12% vs 2024.
Fuel suppliers in Mexico and Colombia often set prices centrally; limited negotiation and currency volatility force 99 Minutos to apply dynamic fuel surcharges, which lifted average shipping rate by ~4.5% in 2025 and increased customer churn risk.
Dynamic surcharge transparency helped recover 70% of added fuel costs in 2025, but price-sensitive SMB clients pushed net promoter score down 3 points.
- 65% fleet diesel in FY2025
- Brent $82/bbl average 2025 (+12%)
- Surcharges raised rates ~4.5%
- Recovered 70% of fuel cost
- NPS -3 points from fuel hikes
2025 supplier squeeze: rising pay, cloud fees, rents, EV delays lift unit costs
Suppliers (drivers, cloud, EV OEMs, landlords, fuel) tightened in 2025: driver churn ~18%, courier pay MXN90/hr, AWS/Google ML fees +18%, EV lead times 9-14 months, industrial vacancy CDMX 2.5%/Bogotá 3.1%, rents +12-18% YoY, fleet 65% diesel, Brent $82/bbl; these pressures raise unit costs and squeeze margins.
| Metric | 2025 |
|---|---|
| Driver churn | ~18% |
| Courier pay | MXN90/hr |
| Cloud ML fees | +18% |
| EV lead time | 9-14 months |
| Vacancy (CDMX/Bog) | 2.5% / 3.1% |
| Rents YoY | +12-18% |
| Fleet diesel | 65% |
| Brent | $82/bbl |
What is included in the product
Detailed Word Document
Tailored Porter's Five Forces analysis for 99 Minutos that uncovers competitive drivers, supplier and buyer power, barriers to entry, substitute risks, and strategic levers to defend and grow market share.
Customizable Excel Spreadsheet
Clean, one-sheet Porter's Five Forces for 99 Minutos-instantly shows competitive pressure and relief levers so teams can prioritize tactics like pricing, partnership or differentiation.
Customers Bargaining Power
Concentration of e-commerce giants
Major platforms like Mercado Libre and Amazon accounted for roughly 65% of 99 Minutos' 2025 parcel volume, allowing them to secure steep volume discounts and press for sub‑market rates.
These anchor clients can shift volume or internalize logistics-Amazon Logistics and Mercado Libre's logistics grew capacity by ~20% in 2025-forcing 99 Minutos to meet strict price and KPI demands.
The resulting power imbalance compels 99 Minutos to deliver premium service at commoditized pricing, squeezing gross margins (reported 2025 gross margin ~12%) to retain contracts.
Low switching costs for SMEs
SMEs face low switching costs in the 2026 Latin American logistics market, with >60% using multi-carrier platforms that let them shift to rivals like DHL or regional startups based on daily rates as low as $0.85-$1.20 per parcel.
That price-sensitivity gives customers high bargaining power, forcing 99 Minutos to cut prices or match rates to retain volume.
To defend margins, 99 Minutos invested roughly $18M in 2025 on proprietary integrations and API services that embed into merchants' ERPs, raising estimated customer retention by ~12 percentage points.
High demand for real-time transparency
Modern consumers and businesses expect real-time tracking and flexible delivery windows as standard; 68% of e-commerce buyers cite live tracking as decisive (Statista 2025), raising customer bargaining power against 99 Minutos.
Negative reviews and social media can cut future B2B contract wins; a 1-star drop on ratings can lower conversion by ~11% (Harvard 2025), directly harming revenue.
This forces 99 Minutos to reinvest in consumer-facing tech-CapEx rose to $24.5M in FY2025-without clear pricing power to pass costs to customers.
Price sensitivity in the LatAm market
Economic strain across LatAm-GDP per capita down 2.1% in 2023 in real terms in select markets-has made corporate clients highly price-sensitive, with shipping often 8-15% of operating costs for e‑commerce sellers.
Clients routinely benchmark 99 Minutos against gig apps (e.g., Rappi, Loggi), pressuring per‑package rates down 10-25% during negotiations.
High fuel and labor inflation (2024 transport cost up ~12%) limits 99 Minutos' ability to pass costs to customers without losing volume.
- Shipping = 8-15% of seller OPEX
- Clients demand 10-25% lower rates vs gig rivals
- Transport costs rose ~12% in 2024
Complexity of reverse logistics expectations
As e-commerce matures, customers expect free, seamless returns; retailers push that cost back to carriers, increasing retailers' bargaining power and forcing 99 Minutos to absorb returns complexity to win contracts.
Returns add up: Latin American e-commerce return rates hit ~12% in 2024, raising last-mile costs by ~15-25%, pressuring 99 Minutos' margins (2025 revenue target MXN 1.2bn).
- Retailers set terms; carriers compete on returns handling
- ~12% return rate (2024) raises costs 15-25%
- 99 Minutos must absorb complexity to retain retailers
99 Minutos: Anchor-driven volume (65%) pressures margins; $42.5M spend to stem churn
Major anchors (Mercado Libre, Amazon) drove ~65% of 99 Minutos' 2025 volume, forcing sub‑market rates; 2025 gross margin ~12% and revenue target MXN 1.2bn. Price-sensitive SMEs and high return rates (~12% in 2024) raise bargaining power; 2025 tech spend $18M and CapEx $24.5M partly defend retention.
| Metric | 2024-25 |
|---|---|
| Anchor share | 65% |
| Gross margin | ~12% |
| Revenue target | MXN 1.2bn |
| Tech spend | $18M |
| CapEx | $24.5M |
| Return rate | ~12% |
Full Version Awaits
99 Minutos Porter's Five Forces Analysis
This preview shows the exact Porter's Five Forces analysis of 99 Minutos you'll receive immediately after purchase-fully formatted, professionally written, and ready to use; no placeholders or samples.
